What Was The Background Of Who Invented The Match

Device for lighting fires

A match is a tool for starting a fire. Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or strong paper. One end is coated with a cloth that can exist ignited past friction generated by striking the match against a suitable surface.^[1] Wooden matches are packaged in matchboxes, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into matchbooks. The coated end of a friction match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and binder, often colored for easier inspection. In that location are ii principal types of matches: prophylactic matches, which tin be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which whatsoever suitably frictional surface can be used.

Etymology [edit]

Historically, the term lucifer referred to lengths of string (subsequently cambric) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously.^[one] These were used to calorie-free fires and fire guns (see matchlock) and cannons (see linstock).^[two] Such matches were characterised by their called-for speed i.due east. quick match and boring lucifer. Depending on its formulation, a ho-hum match burns at a rate of effectually xxx cm (i ft) per hour and a quick match at iv to 60 centimetres (2 to 24 in) per minute.

The modern equivalent of this sort of match is the unproblematic fuse, notwithstanding used in pyrotechnics to obtain a controlled fourth dimension delay earlier ignition.^[3] The original meaning of the word nonetheless persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as black lucifer (a black-powder-impregnated fuse) and Bengal friction match (a firework akin to sparklers producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). Just, when friction matches became commonplace, they became the main object meant by the term.

The give-and-take 'match' derives from One-time French 'mèche', referring to the wick of a candle.^[4]

History [edit]

Early on matches [edit]

A note in the text Cho Keng Lu, written in 1366, describes a sulfur match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of Northern Qi.^[5] During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960), a book called the Records of the Unworldly and the Foreign written by Chinese writer Tao Gu in almost 950 stated:

If there occurs an emergency at night information technology may take some fourth dimension to make a calorie-free to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the organisation of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest affect of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "calorie-free-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its proper name was changed to 'burn inch-stick'.^[five]

Another text, Wu Lin Chiu Shih, dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of Hangzhou, around the time of Marco Polo's visit. The matches were known as fa chu or tshui erh.^[5]

Chemical matches [edit]

Before the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a burning glass (a lens) to focus the dominicus on tinder, a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by hitting flint and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure level in a fire piston. Early on piece of work had been washed by alchemist Hennig Brand, who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669.^[6] Others, including Robert Boyle and his assistant, Ambrose Godfrey, connected these experiments in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, just their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires.^[7]

A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: I was the utilize of a spill – a sparse object something similar a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most oftentimes kept near the fireplace in a spill vase.^[8] Another method saw the utilise of a striker, a tool that looked like scissors, but with flint on one "blade" and steel on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these ii was available, i could also use ember tongs to choice up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly.

The outset modernistic, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, gum arabic and sugar. The friction match was ignited by dipping its tip in a minor asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acrid.^[3] This kind of lucifer was quite expensive, even so, and its use was likewise relatively dangerous, and then Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use.

This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean lucifer' that was patented past Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped upward in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of a lucifer was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for information technology to get alight.

Sulfur-head matches, 1828, lit by dipping into a bottle of phosphorus

In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 past Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. I version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was pop for kitchen use and nicknamed every bit "Hugh Perry", while some other meant for outdoor utilise was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer".^[nine] The caput was large and independent niter, charcoal and woods grit, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some fifty-fifty had glass stems.^[10] Both Vesuvians and Prometheans had a seedling of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be cleaved to starting time the reaction.^[11]

Samuel Jones introduced fuzees for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America.^[12]

In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in England. It consisted of a wax stalk that embedded cotton fiber threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were fabricated by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836.^[ten] John Hucks Stevens also patented a condom version of the friction match in 1839.^[13]

Friction matches [edit]

A tin "Congreves" matchbox (1827), produced by John Walker, inventor of the friction friction match.

Chemic matches were unable to make the spring into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing 2 rough surfaces together. An early example was fabricated by François Derosne in 1816. His crude lucifer was called a briquet phosphorique and information technology used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape within a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.^{[14] [fifteen]}

The first successful friction lucifer was invented in 1826 past John Walker, an English chemist and druggist from Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He developed a bully interest in trying to find a means of obtaining fire easily. Several chemical mixtures were already known which would ignite by a sudden explosion, but it had not been establish possible to transmit the flame to a slow-called-for substance like wood. While Walker was preparing a lighting mixture on one occasion, a match which had been dipped in it took burn down past an accidental friction upon the hearth. He at once appreciated the practical value of the discovery, and started making friction matches. They consisted of wooden splints or sticks of cardboard coated with sulfur and tipped with a mixture of sulfide of antimony, chlorate of potash, and glue. The handling with sulfur helped the splints to catch fire, and the odor was improved by the addition of camphor.^[6] The price of a box of fifty matches was one shilling. With each box was supplied a slice of sandpaper, folded double, through which the lucifer had to be drawn to ignite it. Walker did not name the matches "Congreves" in honour of the inventor and rocket pioneer Sir William Congreve, every bit it is sometimes stated. The congreves were the invention of Charles Sauria, a French chemistry pupil at the time.^{[sixteen] [17]} Walker did not divulge the exact limerick of his matches.^[18] Betwixt 1827 and 1829, Walker made about 168 sales of his matches. It was withal dangerous and flaming balls sometimes fell to the flooring burning carpets and dresses, leading to their ban in France and Germany.^[xi] Walker either refused or neglected to patent his invention.^{[6] [19]}

In 1829, Scots inventor Sir Isaac Holden invented an improved version of Walker'due south match and demonstrated it to his class at Castle Academy in Reading, Berkshire. Holden did not patent his invention and claimed that one of his pupils wrote to his father Samuel Jones, a chemist in London who commercialised his process.^[xx] A version of Holden's match was patented by Samuel Jones, and these were sold as lucifer matches. These early on matches had a number of problems - an initial violent reaction, an unsteady flame and unpleasant odor and fumes. Lucifers could ignite explosively, sometimes throwing sparks a considerable altitude. Lucifers were manufactured in the Usa by Ezekial Byam.^[6] The term "lucifer" persisted every bit slang in the 20th century (for instance in the First World State of war song Pack Upwardly Your Troubles) and matches are still chosen lucifers in Dutch.

Lucifers were apace replaced afterwards 1830 by matches fabricated according to the procedure devised by Frenchman Charles Sauria, who substituted white phosphorus for the antimony sulfide.^[21] These new phosphorus matches had to be kept in airtight metal boxes but became popular and went by the proper name of loco foco in the United states, from which was derived the name of a political party.^[22] The earliest American patent for the phosphorus lucifer was granted in 1836 to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts.^[23]

From 1830 to 1890, the limerick of these matches remained largely unchanged, although some improvements were made. In 1843 William Ashgard replaced the sulfur with beeswax, reducing the pungency of the fumes. This was replaced by methane series in 1862 by Charles Westward. Smith, resulting in what were called "parlor matches". From 1870 the stop of the splint was fireproofed by impregnation with burn down-retardant chemicals such as alum, sodium silicate, and other salts resulting in what was usually called a "drunkard'south match" that prevented the accidental called-for of the user's fingers. Other advances were made for the mass manufacture of matches. Early on matches were made from blocks of woods with cuts separating the splints but leaving their bases attached. Later versions were made in the form of thin combs. The splints would be cleaved abroad from the comb when required.^[10]

A noiseless match was invented in 1836 by the Hungarian János Irinyi, who was a student of chemistry.^[24] An unsuccessful experiment past his professor, Meissner, gave Irinyi the thought to supplant potassium chlorate with lead dioxide^[25] in the head of the phosphorus friction match.^[24] He liquefied phosphorus in warm h2o and shook it in a glass vial, until the ii liquids emulsified. He mixed the phosphorus with lead dioxide and gum arabic, poured the paste-like mass into a jar, and dipped the pine sticks into the mixture and let them dry. When he tried them that evening, all of them lit evenly. He sold the invention and production rights for these noiseless matches to István Rómer, a Hungarian pharmacist living in Vienna, for 60 forints (about 22.five oz t of silver). Every bit a friction match manufacturer, Rómer became rich, and Irinyi went on to publish articles and a textbook on chemistry, and founded several lucifer factories.^[24]

Replacement of white phosphorus [edit]

Those involved in the manufacture of the new phosphorus matches were afflicted with phossy jaw and other bone disorders,^[26] and there was plenty white phosphorus in one pack to impale a person. Deaths and suicides from eating the heads of matches became frequent. The primeval report of phosphorus necrosis was fabricated in 1845 past Lorinser in Vienna, and a New York surgeon published a pamphlet with notes on nine cases.^{[27] [28]}

The conditions of working-class women at the Bryant & May factories led to the London matchgirls strike of 1888. The strike was focused on the severe health complications of working with white phosphorus, such as phossy jaw.^[29] Social activist Annie Besant published an commodity in her halfpenny weekly paper The Link on 23 June 1888.^[xxx] A strike fund was set upwards and some newspapers collected donations from readers. The women and girls as well solicited contributions. Members of the Fabian Social club, including George Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb, and Graham Wallas, were involved in the distribution of the cash collected.^[31] The strike and negative publicity led to changes existence made to limit the health effects of the inhalation of white phosphorus.

Attempts were made to reduce the ill-effects on workers through the introduction of inspections and regulations. Anton Schrötter von Kristelli discovered in 1850 that heating white phosphorus at 250 °C in an inert atmosphere produced a crimson allotropic course, which did not fume in contact with air. It was suggested that this would brand a suitable substitute in match manufacture although it was slightly more than expensive.^[32] 2 French chemists, Henri Savene and Emile David Cahen, proved in 1898 that the addition of phosphorus sesquisulfide meant that the substance was not poisonous, that information technology could exist used in a "strike-anywhere" match, and that the match heads were not explosive.^[33]

British company Albright and Wilson was the first company to produce phosphorus sesquisulfide matches commercially. The company adult a prophylactic means of making commercial quantities of phosphorus sesquisulfide in 1899 and started selling it to match manufacturers.^{[34] [35]} However, white phosphorus continued to be used, and its serious effects led many countries to ban its use. Finland prohibited the employ of white phosphorus in 1872, followed by Denmark in 1874, French republic in 1897, Switzerland in 1898, and the netherlands in 1901.^[27] An agreement, the Berne Convention, was reached at Bern, Switzerland, in September 1906, which banned the employ of white phosphorus in matches.^[36] This required each country to pass laws prohibiting the use of white phosphorus in matches. The United Kingdom passed a police force in 1908 prohibiting its utilize in matches afterwards 31 December 1910. The United States did not pass a law, but instead placed a "punitive taxation" in 1913 on white phosphorus–based matches, ane so high as to render their industry financially impractical, and Canada banned them in 1914.^[37] India and Nihon banned them in 1919; China followed, banning them in 1925.

In 1901 Albright and Wilson started making phosphorus sesquisulfide at their Niagara Falls, New York establish for the US marketplace, but American manufacturers continued to apply white phosphorus matches.^[33] The Niagara Falls found made them until 1910, when the United States Congress forbade the shipment of white phosphorus matches in interstate commerce.^[34]

Safety matches [edit]

Jönköpings safety match manufacture 1872.

Old match factory in Itkonniemi, Kuopio, Finland

The dangers of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches led to the development of the "hygienic" or "safety match". The major innovation in its development was the use of crimson phosphorus, not on the head of the match but instead on a specially designed hitting surface.

Arthur Albright developed the industrial process for large-calibration manufacture of blood-red phosphorus after Schrötter'southward discoveries became known. By 1851, his visitor was producing the substance past heating white phosphorus in a sealed pot at a specific temperature. He exhibited his ruby phosphorus in 1851, at The Great Exhibition held at The Crystal Palace in London.

The idea of creating a specially designed striking surface was developed in 1844 by the Swede Gustaf Erik Pasch. Pasch patented the apply of ruby-red phosphorus in the striking surface. He constitute that this could ignite heads that did not need to incorporate white phosphorus. Johan Edvard Lundström and his younger brother Carl Frans Lundström (1823–1917) started a big-scale friction match industry in Jönköping, Sweden around 1847, but the improved safety friction match was not introduced until around 1850–55. The Lundström brothers had obtained a sample of red phosphorus matches from Arthur Albright at The Peachy Exhibition,^[38] simply had misplaced it and therefore they did non attempt the matches until just before the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when they found that the matches were still usable.^[38] In 1858 their company produced around 12 million matchboxes.^[35]

The condom of truthful "prophylactic matches" is derived from the separation of the reactive ingredients between a lucifer caput on the end of a paraffin-impregnated splint and the special striking surface (in addition to the condom attribute of replacing the white phosphorus with red phosphorus). The thought for separating the chemicals had been introduced in 1859 in the course of two-headed matches known in France as Allumettes Androgynes. These were sticks with one end made of potassium chlorate and the other of red phosphorus. They had to be cleaved and the heads rubbed together.^[35] There was however a gamble of the heads rubbing each other accidentally in their box. Such dangers were removed when the striking surface was moved to the exterior of the box. The evolution of a specialized matchbook with both matches and a hitting surface occurred in the 1890s with the American Joshua Pusey, who sold his patent to the Diamond Lucifer Visitor.

A match at the starting time of the combustion procedure

The hitting surface on modern matchboxes is typically composed of 25% powdered drinking glass or other abrasive material, l% carmine phosphorus, v% neutralizer, four% carbon black, and 16% binder; and the match caput is typically composed of 45–55% potassium chlorate, with a picayune sulfur and starch, a neutralizer (ZnO or CaCO
₃ ), twenty–40% of siliceous filler, diatomite, and glue.^[39] Prophylactic matches ignite due to the farthermost reactivity of phosphorus with the potassium chlorate in the match caput. When the match is struck the phosphorus and chlorate mix in a minor amount forming something akin to the explosive Armstrong's mixture which ignites due to the friction.

The Swedes long held a virtual worldwide monopoly on safety matches, with the manufacture mainly situated in Jönköping, by 1903 called Jönköpings & Vulcans Tändsticksfabriks AB. ^[40] In French republic, they sold the rights to their rubber match patent to Coigent Père & Fils of Lyon, merely Coigent contested the payment in the French courts, on the basis that the invention was known in Vienna before the Lundström brothers patented it.^[40] The British match manufacturer Bryant and May visited Jönköping in 1858 to attempt to obtain a supply of safety matches, simply information technology was unsuccessful. In 1862 information technology established its own mill and bought the rights for the British safety match patent from the Lundström brothers.^[40]

Varieties of matches today [edit]

Friction matches fabricated with white phosphorus as well as those made from phosphorus sesquisulfide tin be struck on any suitable surface. They have remained specially popular in the U.s., even when safety matches had become common in Europe, and are withal widely used today around the world, including in many developing countries,^[35] for such uses as camping, outdoor activities, emergency/survival situations, and stocking bootleg survival kits.^{[41] [42]} Withal, strike-anywhere matches are banned on all kinds of aircraft under the "dangerous goods" classification U.N. 1331, Matches, strike-anywhere.^[43]

Safety matches are classified every bit dangerous appurtenances, "U.Northward. 1944, Matches, rubber". They are not universally forbidden on aircraft; yet, they must be declared as unsafe goods and individual airlines or countries may impose tighter restrictions.^[43]

Tempest matches, likewise known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, are oftentimes included in survival kits. They take a strikeable tip like to a normal match, but the combustible chemical compound – including an oxidiser – continues down the length of the stick, coating one-half or more than of the unabridged matchstick. The match also has a waterproof coating (which often makes the friction match more than difficult to low-cal), and often storm matches are longer than standard matches. As a result of the combustible coating, storm matches burn strongly fifty-fifty in strong winds, and tin even spontaneously re-ignite afterward being briefly immersed under water. The pyrotechnics compound burns self-sustained.

The hobby of collecting friction match-related items, such as matchcovers and matchbox labels, is known as phillumeny.

• 

• 

  Matches with an intellectual pastime printed

• 

  Household safety matches

• 

  Special storm matches

See also [edit]

• Firelighting
• Ivar Kreuger
• Lighter
• London matchgirls strike of 1888
• Permanent match
• Swedish Lucifer
• "The Piddling Match Girl"
• The Safety Matches
• Vesta case
• White phosphorus munitions

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Curtailed Oxford Dictionary (10 ed.). London: Oxford University Press. 1999.
2. ^ Sawyer, C. W. (1910). Firearms in American history 1600–1800. p. 5.
3. ^ ^{a b} Barnett, East. de Barry (1919). Rideal, Samuel (ed.). Explosives. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. pp. 158, 162–170.
4. ^ Whiter Westward (1825). Etymologicon universale: or, Universal etymological dictionary. Vol. 2. p. 428. Archived from the original on 17 Feb 2017.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Needham, Joseph (1 January 1962). Science and Civilization in China: Volume four, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics. Cambridge University Printing. pp. 70–71. ISBN978-0-521-05802-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. sulphur matches were certainly sold in the markets of Hangchow when Marco Polo was there
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Crass, Grand. F., Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Role 1". Journal of Chemic Education. 18 (three): 116–120. Bibcode:1941JChEd..18..116C. doi:10.1021/ed018p116. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
7. ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 275. ISBN0-471-24410-four.
8. ^ "Early American Glass Spill Holders". Archived from the original on seven May 2015. Retrieved 4 Baronial 2015.
9. ^ Wisniak, Jaime (2005). "Matches—The manufacture of fire" (PDF). Indian Periodical of Chemical Technology. 12: 369–380. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013. Retrieved fourteen November 2011.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Crass, Yard. F., Jr. (1941). "A history of the match industry. Part 3". Journal of Chemical Instruction. 18 (half-dozen): 277–282. Bibcode:1941JChEd..18..277C. doi:10.1021/ed018p277. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ^ ^{a b} Tomlinson, C. (1898). "The Inventor of Lucifer Matches". Notes and Queries. eight (4): 70–71.
12. ^ Stevens, John Hucks (16 November 1839), U.S. Patent Number 1,414, Improved friction match for retaining fire, Entitled Stevens' "Fusse cigar light", archived from the original on 16 June 2014
13. ^ Stevens, John Hucks (16 Nov 1839), U.S. Patent Number 1,412A, Comeback in the Manufacture of Friction-Matches for Preserving Them From Adventitious Ignition, archived from the original on 16 June 2014
14. ^ "Francois Derosne - French inventor". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014.
15. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (2012)
16. ^ Bone, William A. (1 April 1927). "The Centenary of the Friction Friction match". Nature. 119 (2996): 495–496. doi:10.1038/119495a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
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22. ^ Hatfield, J. (1856). "History of American Friction Matches". Scientific American. 11 (49): 387.
23. ^ us 68, D. Phillips, published 1836-ten-24
24. ^ ^{a b c} "János Irinyi". Hungarian Patent Office. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved eighteen March 2008.
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26. ^ Hughes, J. P. Westward; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H., Cooke, K. A.; Craig, J. D.; Duffield, D. P.; Grosart, A. Due west.; Parkes, P. Westward. J.; & Porter, A. (1962). "Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Nowadays-mean solar day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies". Br. J. Ind. Med. 19 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1136/oem.nineteen.2.83. PMC1038164. PMID 14449812. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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28. ^ Oliver, Thomas (1906). "Industrial illness due to certain poisonous fumes or gases". Athenaeum of the Public Wellness Laboratory. Manchester University Press. 1: 1–21.
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30. ^ "White slavery in London". Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Automobile The Link, Issue no. 21 (via Tower Hamlets' Local History Library and Archives)
31. ^ Raw p. 137
32. ^ Kohn, Moritz (1944). "The discovery of red phosphorus (1847) by Anton von Schrötter (1802–1875)" (PDF). J. Chem. Educ. 21 (11): 522, 554. Bibcode:1944JChEd..21..522K. doi:ten.1021/ed021p522. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
33. ^ ^{a b} Threlfall (1951), "Chapter IX: The Second generation: 1880–1915: part II: The Individual Express Visitor"
34. ^ ^{a b} Threlfall (1951)
35. ^ ^{a b c d} Crass, K. F., Jr. (1941). "A history of the friction match industry. Part 5" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (seven): 316–319. Bibcode:1941JChEd..xviii..316C. doi:x.1021/ed018p316. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
36. ^ Charnovitz, Steve (1987). "The Influence of International Labour Standards on the World Trading Regime. A Historical Overview". International Labour Review. 126 (5): 565, 571.
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40. ^ ^{a b c} Threlfall (1951), Appendix A to Chapter Five: "The Match Manufacture"
41. ^ Staff (10 March 2012). "Legality of Strike Anywhere Matches Is Upward For Debate". PRWeb.com. Archived from the original on ten July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
42. ^ McCafferty, Keith (10 Nov 2009). "Strike Anywhere: The Best Matches for Survival Situations". Field & Stream. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
43. ^ ^{a b} IATA (2007). Dangerous Goods Regulations: Effective 1 January – 31 December 2007. Produced in consultation with ICAO. Montreal: International Air Transport Clan. ISBN978-92-9195-780-4.

Bibliography [edit]

• Threlfall, Richard E. (1951). The Story of 100 Years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.

Further reading [edit]

• Beaver, Patrick (1985). The Friction match Makers: The Story of Bryant & May. London: Henry Melland Limited. ISBN 0-907929-eleven-7
• Emsley, John (2000). The Shocking History of Phosphorus: A Biography of the Devil's Element. Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-333-76638-v
• Steele, H. Thomas (1987). Close Cover Before Striking: The Golden Age of Matchbook Fine art. Abeville Printing

External links [edit]

• "History of Chemical Matches". Chemistry.about.com.
• "The History of Matches". Inventors.about.com.
• "Making 125,000 Matches An Hour", August 1946, Popular Scientific discipline article on the modern mass production of wooden stem matches
• "History of matchbooks". Matchcovers.com/first100.htm. Archived from the original on 16 February 2006.
• "The Rathkamp Matchcover Gild". matchcover.org. library.thinkquest.org/23062/lucifer.htm
• "Lighting a Match", Royal Establishment video on the ignition process
• Chemistry of Matches, Graphics and Video

Media related to Matches at Wikimedia Commons The lexicon definition of Match at Wiktionary

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